Understanding media structure and ownership

Unit 7:Understanding media structure and ownership

Introduction

This assignment is about the structure and ownership in the media. I shall be mentioning the film indusrtry, the tv industry,games, advertisement, interactive media and photo imaging. I will also be talking about conglomerates and how they affect the industry that they are in. I will be talking about merges and takeovers between companies.

Film

The film industries purpose is to entertain a wide audience with one long story. Films can either be adaptations of books or they can be their own original story. The film industry is massive. In 2012 the film industry made 10.8 billion dollars. Films can range in genre from horror to comedy, with action and romantic comedies. There were 374,000 employees in 2010. Ebay created 750,000 small jobs. (Both the information and statistics are from the link below)

https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20111212/02244817037/congressional-research-service-shows-hollywood-is-thriving.shtml

Disney is a major film conglomerate. Disney has made 53 feature films, ranging from 1930 to 2014 and still going strong.They own lots of different companies including.

http://disney.wikia.com/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures

• Walt Disney pictures 
• Touchstone Pictures 
• Hollywood Pictures 
• Caravan pictures
• Beuna visit home 
• Entertainment 

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/cool/giants/disney.html 

Walt disney has 166,000 employees and works in 40 different countries which shows that Disney has a massive influence in the film industry.  Disney made 6.1 billion dollars in september 2013 discounting the 2.2 billion from the theme park. as you can see Disney plays a massive part in the film industry 

http://disneycareers.com/en/about-disney/global-footprint/

The most expensive squeal was  Pirates of the Caribbean: at worlds end. It cost 450 million dollars. It earned 963,420,425 at the box office. As you can see it made a lot of money. It was produced by walt disney productions and Jerry Bruckheimer productions. 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_At_World%27s_End#Box_office

20th century fox

http://wallstreet.wikia.com/wiki/20th_Century_Fox 

20th century fox is a big film corporation. Made in 1935 and still going today. 20th century fox is a merger company made by fox film corporation and 20th century pictures. Founded by  Joseph M Schenck, Darryl F Zanuck and William fox. 20th century fox is known as a big distributer for successful films, including both animated and live action such as, Alvan and the chipmunks and avatar. From the film avatar 20th century fox made $749,766,139 dollars. 

http://www.boxofficemojo.com/studio/chart/?studio=fox.htm 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox

Games

The games industry has gotten really big over the years and has advanced with leaps and bounds over the years advancing with new technology to make games look and feel better. I shall be talking about the major companies in the game industry, how much money they make and how many employees they have as well as the total employee count in the industry. I will be talking about things surrounding the games industry such as games journalism in the form of major websites and independent personalities who work through youtube to discuss and debate about the games industry. 

http://www.n3rdabl3.co.uk/2014/01/game-uk-make-huge-sales-possible-change-come/ 

Microsoft 

Microsoft are the owners of the xbox. They are known for making lots of different software but when it comes to games they are known for the xbox and the latest xbox one that was released last year. They are also known for creating operating software which many pc gamers use. They have a massive influence in the games industry,  having the ability for pay companies to exclusively release titles onto their console alone making consumers buy their console to play those certain games.

Microsoft's numbers of employees. As you can see the table only shows the amount of employees in the usa and it still has a massive number of employees. However it doesn't show how many are in the games part of Microsoft. 

http://news.microsoft.com/facts-about-microsoft/

Microsoft's Revenue growth 

http://news.microsoft.com/facts-about-microsoft/

This graph shows Microsoft's growth, revenue and income. 

Tripple A games are games that have a high budget and are worked on by massive development teams. These games are given a lot of media attention such as adverts bill boards and games journalism attention. On the other side of the spectrum there are indie games which have a lower budget and can have small development teams, even being a one man team. 

Big budget game 

Star wars the old republic a massively multi player online (mmo) had the budget of nearly 200 million dollars it was made by ea and bioware however this game didn't do well and was forced to change to free to play to try and recover the losses. The reason why the game didn't do well because of it's competitor  world of warcraft made by blizzard. World of warcraft almost has a monopoly over the mmo market. 

TV

Television is the broadcasting of series based stories. The series that are broadcast have many different genres 

• Comedy
• Action
• Drama
• Horror
• Sport
• Sitcom
• Soap
• Cartoon
• Kids
• Reality

And much more.

The film industry has been around for a long time and has changed the way that film is made several times. It has gone from literally cutting film with scissors to a full digital age, and thats just the editing side, camera quality has increased dramatically as well  as the new techniques used for cinematography.

The film industry has jobs such as

• Director
• Producer
• Cinematographer 
• Location manager
• Production Accountant 
• Screen Player writer
• Actors
• Sound director
• Camera operator 
• Gaffer
• Art director 

There are a few more jobs which are sub categories of the ones listed, for example you have assistant directors and assistant camera operators.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_crew

Comedy Central

Comedy central is a cable satalite tv channel which is based in America. It was started in 1989 and is still going today. It is a comedy based channel which has shows such as friends and two and a half men. The channel is owned by Viacom media networks. Comedy central broadcasts internationally but it isn't a free channel. The channel has about 499 employees and makes about 25 million pounds per year. As you can see comedy central is a big channel which has a large amount of employees and a large revenue with big name channels such as friends and south park.

http://www.glassdoor.co.uk/Overview/Working-at-Comedy-Central-EI_IE17666.11,25.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_Central

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_Central_(UK_and_Ireland)

Disney

Disney also has a television channel which has there own exclusive shows on the channel. The Disney channel was started in 1983 and has other sub channels that have branched from it, such as Disney junior, Disney XD and Disney cinemagic. All channels are broadcasted nationwide and it is based in America. 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel

http://logos.wikia.com/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company

Radio

Radio is a type of broadcasting which is based on the audience hearing the content through a radio. Radio is produced through radio stations which can broadcast live shows or pre recorded shows which is when the content that is shown to the listener is made before broadcast ed live. Radio shows can be news orientated, music based or a chat show kind of show. Most radio shows have an element of music in them weather it be musical ques made by the radio broadcasters or music between interviews and discussions.

Kerrang 

http://www.kerrangradio.co.uk/on-air/playlist/ 

Kerrang has a radio station which is primarily a music show. They play rock music ranging from classic and modern, such as the foo fighters and bring me the horizon. Kerrang only broadcasts in the united kingdom on DAB and Freeview. This radio station was set up in 2004 and is still going today. Kerrang radio is linked to the magazine which is the top selling rock music magazine in Britain which gives the radio station a lot of promotion and a lot of views as a result. 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerrang_Radio

BBC Radio 4

 

http://www.positivemoney.org/2012/03/analysis-on-money-bbc-radio-4-at-2030-monday-26-march/

BBC radio 4 is owned by the British media company the BBC. Radio 4 replaced BBC home service in 1967 and is still going on now. Radio 4 is renowned as a talk/news show and has usually got interviews discussing  topics relevant to the current time. However it has had comedy shows such as have I got news for you which later went on to become a television series. 

Publishing

This segment is about written material such as newspapers, magazines ad other written material. Magazines are a less formal format of media and normally doesn't talk about worldwide topics like natural disasters but instead talks about celebrity's lives, music or television shows. Newspapers are more formally written and discuss worldwide topics such as politics, conflicts and natural disasters.

http://www.digitalbookworld.com/2014/how-much-money-the-biggest-publishers-actually-make/

This is a chart which shows how much the biggest publishers from 2006-2013. The biggest publisher's revenue ranges from 8.6 billion dollars 9.7 billion.

OK! magazine

http://www.ok.co.uk/

OK! is a magazine which talks about celebrities daily activities and the events that happen in their life weather it be as big as them having a child or a new haircut. The magazine is published weekly. The editor is Kristy Tyler. The magazine is a British magazine which is available in the united kingdom, Ireland, US, Canada, Mexico, Middle East, Australia, Russia, Thailand,  and Malaysia. This kind of magazine is aimed at a younger audience; 15-29. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OK!

The guardian 

The guardian is a British newspaper which talks about politics, international conflicts, poverty and natural disasters. The guardian is a daily newspaper which is only distributed in Britain. The newspaper was founded in 1821, however it was under a different name until 1959 when it became the guardian. The guardian is currently edited by Alan Rushbridger. The guardian is for an older audience, 30+.  It is said that the guardian is slightly left wing biased. Alan Rushbringer had a slary of 438,000 pounds before being cut down to 395,000. "the Guardian employs 1,600 people worldwide, including 583 five journalists and a 150 digital developers, designers, and engineers." 

http://blogs.spectator.co.uk/coffeehouse/2013/09/guardian-ceo-the-newspaper-cant-survive-in-the-uk/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian

Animation

Animation is a visual medium which is with a computer. Instead of having actors perform on camera, characters are made up or drawn on the computer and moved around on the screen. Actors are still used but they instead use their voices, these actors are called voice actors because of the use of their voice more than anything else. Animation can be cartoons, anime or CGI in films and tv. 

Trigger

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigger_(company)

Studio Trigger is a studio that is based in Japan and has made 

• Project x zone
• Inferno cop
• Little witch academia 
• Kill la kill
• When supernatural battles become common place 
• Black dynamite.

Studio trigger was founded in august of 2011 but was revealed in  October of the same year. The founders Hiroyuki Imaishi and Masashiko Ohtsuka were apart of studio Gainax before leaving to create studio trigger. Even though they are a relatively new studio they are quite well known for their work in previous works when working under gainax as well as their new works being very well received.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigger_(company)

Bones

http://vanishingtrooper.wordpress.com/2012/02/25/a-rundown-of-the-studios-at-bones/

Studio bones is a Japanese studio which creates anime. They have created series and films that are either a manga adaptation that they have been given the license for or it is a piece of their original work. They were founded in 1998 and are still producing work to this day, The founders are Masashiko Minami, Hiroshi Osaka and Toshihiro Kawamoto. 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bones_(studio)

Interactive Media

Interactive media are digital systems which let the users' actions to effect what happens on the screen. Interactive media includes things likes apps for computers and mobile phones. Interactive Media are in a format of animation, text, graphics, video, audio and games. 

Apple store

http://www.iconarchive.com/show/socialmedia-icons-by-uiconstock/Apple-App-Store-icon.html

The apple store is a app store that is available on the majority of their products. This apple store allows you to download a range of apps with a range of different genres as well as prices, some apps are free and some apps are very expensive. The app vip black is 999.99 dollars and is described as a millionaires app, Where as social media such as facebook, twitter and instagram are all free and are incredibly popular.

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/apple/10255045/16-most-expensive-apps-on-the-App-Store.html

Google play

http://rockhealth.com/2013/03/google-play-tips-tricks/

 Google play is a app store on android devices.  It works in the same way that the app store works in which you can get several apps from a range of prices. But this service is only for android devices and was developed by google. Although some apps or on both systems some are exclusive to google play such as google camera and some specific games. The most expensive app on the google play store is 'got cash?' it costs 200 dollars. However like the app store the most popular apps are the social media apps.

http://tech3.org/10-most-expensive-android-apps-that-are-quite-hard-to-ignore/

Advertisement and marketing

Advertisement and marketing is the industry which is in control of what adverts you see on tv, before a film, youtube and other things such as website adverts and adverts on games. The aim of advertisement is to bring traffic and attention to a product, this is normally done by showing a short clip of the product and some times includes people talking about the product in a positive light. These adverts can sometimes incliude statistics that are in favor of the product. Adverts can also be  on bilboards to advertise while you are driving, these normally have a picture of the product and a name of a place where you can purchase it.

Marketing is the methods that companies use to try and persuade you to buy the product. This includes things such as slogans, the design of the product and it's packaging, these are normally based on what kind of audience the product is targeting.

http://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/marketing.asp

Photo imaging 

Photo imaging includes photography and photo editing software. Photo imaging can be used to fix broken or damaged images or it can be used to edit images, like adding in new things or replacing objects in the photo. Photo imaging can also be used to enhance the image to make it look better and sell for more, this is done by the use of filters on the images. 

http://www.suoakesart.com/html/What_is_Photo_Imaging.html

Adobe Photoshop 

http://gamehacksmania.com/hacks/adobe-photoshop-serial-key-generator/

Adobe photoshop is the most popular photo imaging software. It was developed by adobe. It's first release was in 1990 but has been updated several times since release. Photoshop is available on the majority of major operating devices including apple and windows. Photoshop has a range of tools including cropping, coloring and magic wand tool, and many more. With photoshops range of tools you can do everything that is needed for photo imaging. Photoshop costs 17.98 pounds per month.

http://www.adobe.com/uk/products/photoshop.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop

 Conglomerates

Conglomerates are big companies which have either undertook a lot of merges or a takeovers. A merge is when two companies become one and work together equally, they combine their profits and work effort. A takeover is when one company buys another and completely takes over all of the profits and the staff. The ownership is then handed over to the buying company.

News corperation/ Rupert Murdoch

http://mybroadband.co.za/news/broadcasting/67474-news-corp-to-split-into-two-companies.html

News corporation is a massive multinational media corporation on a massive scale. In 2009 news corporation was the third largest entertainment network in the world. The owner of news corporation is Rupert Murdoch who is a very rich, influential business man, He is also the founder of new corporation. News corporation became the second largest media outlet before splitting in 2013.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corporation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch

 

Pre-production theory

Pre-production theory 

I shall be talking about what is done in the pre-production of a film and why it is important. I will be comparing professional scripts to amateur scripts and talking about the differences between the two. 

Things I will be talking about 

• Scripts
• Script breakdowns
• Budget
• Story-board
• Risk Assessment
• Clearances 
• Legal considerations

Scripts

A script is a written document which describes what your film is about, whats in it, who's in it and what location it is in. These scripts are made by a script writer who is the one who decides which characters are in the story and what they are doing. A script is used to tell a story and is used to tell the actors with dialogue that is written in the script. The script is also used to describes characters such as their appearance and their personality. In a script the writer should describe the locations, it could be either and exterior (EXT.) or a interior (INT.). The script is also used for explaining actions taken by the characters. There are some scripts which describe what kind of shots are to be used at which points in the story (Establishing shots, mid shots, close ups etc) however not all scripts are wrote like this. When a character is introduced his name should be in capitals and it should have his/her age in brackets. There should be a description of the character (what they are wearing, how tall they are and what colour and length of hair they have.)


http://leethomson.myzen.co.uk/Breaking_Bad/Breaking_Bad_3x01_-_No_Mas.pdf
This is a script for the show breaking bad. It has the cast list and all of the things mentioned above. It also has a set list detailing all of the exterior and interior mentioned in the script.

The cast list also mentions that one character doesn't speak.

As you can see it lists both interior and exterior.

The script that I did is a amateur script and has some differences and some similarities. My script has a description of the characters that have been mentioned so far in the story and my script has the basics of a script (describing a story with locations,characters and actions with some dialogue)  however my script is missing components like a set list and a cast list as well as just not being written as well. 

My script

Script breakdown

A script breakdown is when you go through your script and pick out all of the things you will need to make your script into a reality. You will need to pick out cast members, wardrobe, locations, props, sound effects and crew teams with the required equipment. This is used so that the producer and the director can get the things that they will need to make the project possible. It is part of a script writers job to make a script breakdown. A script breakdown must also include what sound effects are to be used and what kind of environment, such as the weather and the time of day that the scene should be shot in.

This is an example of a script breakdown. Its and amateur script breakdown. It has all of the basics of a script breakdown but it doesn't have a key to tell you what colour means what. They have put the location on the side of each section.
http://dannyfsantos.hubpages.com/hub/How-to-do-a-script-breakdown

Budget 

A budget is a recording of how much money is used and what it is spent on as well as how long the equipment is being payed for. The budget should take into account the costs of the cast and crew and depending on how many days you have them hired for. The budget should have the cost of rented equipment and how many days it is rented for. Depending on the location you may have to rent a location for private use, if you did then the budget would have to say how many days you would be using it for. A budget is important because it allows you to keep track of the individual costs and the overall cost of your project. It is a producers job to make and maintain the budget. It is also the producers job to make sure that the costs don't go over the spending money that they have, he has to solve this if it happens by reducing the amount of days or the amount of equipment used.

This is an example of a professional budget it has each individual cost of equipment, staff etc. It also has the total cost of the project. It also takes into account extra fees. What it doesn't tell you is how many days they are using the people and the equipment, they could be buying the equipment to keep but you still need the amount of days for the cast and crew.

This is my amateur script. It has the basics of a script including the costs of cast,crew, equipment, props and how many days they will be used for. It has both the sub total of each individual part of the project as well as the total cost of the project. However this doesn't take into account other fees such as damages and renting costs for locations. 

Story-boarding

A story board are drawn images of scenes put together to make a visual representation of the story. Story boards are used to show the director what camera angles they want for the film and what poses and actions the characters are doing. The story board will be made by a story boarder and it will be based off the script. A story board is important because it gives the director a general idea of what shots to take in what scene. 

http://uk.pinterest.com/pin/530228556

This is an example of a professional story board. As you can see it is extremely well drawn and it shows the angle of the shot and what kind of environment the script is talking about.

http://www.cinephiliabeyond.org/the-art-of-storyboarding/

This story board has instructions next to the image which makes it easier to interpret whats going on in the storyboard. This storyboard is a character description instead of a scenery drawing.

Risk assessment

A risk assessment is a form which determines what kind of issues could happen during the shooting of a film, it talks about what physical damage could happen to the people on set. A risk assessment also talks about the likelihood of one of these hazards happening. A risk assessment  is important because it evaluates the the hazards and how likely one of the cast or crew are to be harmed. A risk assessment should acknowledge all risks no matter how small and should evaluate the likelihood and damage done within realistic calculations of how likely they are to happen and how dangerous they are.

 http://rachaelrayner-portfolio.blogspot.co.uk/2013/02/film-production-risk-assessments.html

This is a professional risk assessment and it shows who will be harmed by which risk and what equipment may be damaged, it also shows what should be done to solve the hazard. 

Clearances

Clearances are forms that allow you to use certain locations and to use certain props such as weaponry. Clearances are important because it allows you to legally use ares and props. If you didn't have a clearance for a location you would get in big legal trouble, if you didn't have a clearance to use guns on your set then an armed police response would be warranted. Clearances are usually handled by the producer but it can be handled by multiple people in the project.

This is an example of a professional clearance sheet. it has the date of when it was signed as well as the date that they will be using the location they are asking for, what location they want and everyones signature.

Legal considerations 

Legal considerations include things like copyright, creative commons and public domain. These things would be the responsibility of a team which would specialise in this area. You have to make sure that the material that you use isn't copyrighted because  they could claim your work and you would then make no money off of your project.  Creative commons is when you choose who can use your material and if they can  add stuff to it. examples of this is allowing parts of your work in commercials or in youtube videos. Public domain is when you no longer have copyright on your work and is available to anyone to use and edit. When a work is in the public domain it is considered to be a publics work and free to use without a license.
http://www.teachingcopyright.org/handout/public-domain-faq
https://creativecommons.org/about 

Gizmo!

Speech package 

Treatment 

Time 3-5 minutes.

Formal. The speech package will take a informative and debate like approach discussing the topics from both points and comparing arguments 

Time frame 4 weeks. In the first week I will be researching and then I will be interviewing on my second week. On my third week I will be recording and then on my fourth week I will be editing.

It will contain vox pops about both games and films. there will be both vox pops from students and teachers.

There will video game sound effects for when my speech package goes into the games segment. There will be sound effects to signal the start of a new segment as well as a intro and outro theme.

I will be using soundtracks from games and films depending on which segment it will be./

The pacing wont be to fast or to slow.

The structure will start of with a introduction into the film section. Then I will do put in the vox pops for film. There will then be a game sound to lead into the gaming segment of the speech packet. I will discuss violence in video games and then ask people of their opinions in my vox pops. I will then ask the listeners what their opinion is on the subject.


Question 1 Do you think that violence in video games corresponds to violence in real life, and why?

Question 2: Why do you think that the media connects the two together?

http://www.theguardian.com/science/head-quarters/2014/may/06/violent-video-games-murder-aggression-ann-maguire

This article talks about how video games effects peoples behavior. It talks about the recent killing of a school teacher and how that might correlate to violent video games.  "98 studies, testing nearly 37,000 participants since 2009. They found that, overall, video games do affect the social behavior of players – violent video game use is linked to an increase in aggressive outcomes"  This is an extract from the article concluding their thoughts on violent video games and their role in our society.

The article talks about what methods they used to measure the amount of aggression the player feels when playing video games.  "Here the participants are first asked to play either a violent or non-violent video game. Afterwards, they’re asked to play a reaction time game against another, fictional player. If they win a particular encounter, they get to blast their opponent with a loud noise. The key manipulation is that the participants choose how loud the noise is, and how long it lasts for. Longer, louder noises are taken as a measure of increased aggression." 

Script 

Hello everyone! My name is Chris Palmer and I will be talking about violence in video games and if they correlate to violence in real life. I will  be discussing the different arguments against and for video games. I will be asking people of their opinions on the subject. i'm here with Joe Patton and we are going to be discussing 

History of 2D animation

George Melies

George Melies was a French film maker as well as a Illusionist. George Melies was responsible for the film  A Trip To The Moon which had a scene where the use of stop motion photography makes the  moon  slowly approach the camera and then would then be hit by a rocket. This was the first signs of animation in the film industry.

http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0617588/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm








Picture from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s#mediaviewer/File:George_Melies.jpg

As you can see the moon has a face which moves around and then hit by a rocket. At the time this was revolutionary for its time, paving the way for future animations.

Winsor McCay

Winsor McCay was and American cartoonist who started out working in an American magazine, making small cartoon strips. After four years he made the animated cartoon called 'Little Nemo' which was his first piece until 1913 when he made his most popular animated cartoon 'Gertie the dinosaur' which became a big hit. People were amazed by how McCay could interact with his cartoon while it was being animated. He did this by drawing ten thousand different images while re drawing the background every time. Winsor McCay was inspired the flip book and how that produced animations using lots of images in quick succession.

http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0565560/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm






https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TGXC8gXOPoU&ab_channel=ChangeBeforeGoingProductions
At about seven minutes you see the animation interacting with the text which is used to drive the narrative.

Lotte Reigner 

Lotte Reiniger was a German animator who made the adventures of prince Achmed, The HPO and Daumlienchen. She was known as a leading pioneer in silhouette animation.









http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0718201/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm

This is the Adventures Of Prince Achmed and is the first film that she made. It was one of the first and most popular silhouette animations of its time.

Walt Disney

Walt Disney is the founder of the conglomerate Disney which has made a large amount of animated and is the most well known animating studio in the west. He is the creator of the iconic figure Mickey mouse which is still relevant to kids in the modern day. One of the first cartoons made with Mickey was the steamboat Willie which is Iconic and is referenced every time western animation is discussed. He went on to make more and more classics such as Snow white and the seven dwarfs, Pinocchio, Dumbo, Bambi and fantasia, All of which won awards and are still watched to this day.http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000370/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm


http://ia.media-imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMjIxMTUyNjc5OF5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTcwMjMwNjYwNA@@._V1_SX640_SY720_.jpg

Unlike a lot of cartoons at the time steamboat Willie had pre recorded sounds including whistling.

Zoetrope

The Zoetrope is a device which is used to view pre animated animations. The Zoetrope can only be used to view one animations because there is only one set of pictures on the device. The Zoetrope works in a very similar way to a flip book by presenting multiple images in a quick succession to create the illusion of movement.

The Zoetrope was invented by William George Horner in 1833.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoetrope

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoetrope#mediaviewer/File:Zoetrope.jpg







https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fG6ywByMAyE&ab_channel=magicalmotionmuseum Here is a video of one of the animations from a zoetrope playing.

Phenakistope

The Phenakistope is another device which was used to view short animations. To use the Phenakistope you would put the device in front of a mirror and then spin the device to see the images move and create the illusion of a moving image.

The Phenakistope was made by Joesph Plateau in 1941.
http://www.mhsgent.ugent.be/Demoschijf.jpg

http://courses.ncssm.edu/gallery/collections/toys/html/exhibit07.htm

This is a example of a short animation being played from the Phenakistope.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenakistoscope#mediaviewer/File:Phenakistoscope_3g07690b.gif

Kinetoscope

The Kinetoscope was an invention by W.K.L Dickson who was an employee of Edison, he was hired to create the Kinetoscope which was used to view short films. The device is driven with an electric motor which would spin the film around a wheel with sprocket holes in the film. A light would be shinned on the film so you could watch the short film. To view the film you would put both of your eyes on the top of machine and look down to view the film.

The Kinetoscope had a prototype released in 1892. 







http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Kinetoscope.jpg
http://www.earlycinema.com/technology/kinetoscope.html

The flip book technique 

One basic form of animation is the flip book technique which to put a different image on every page. The idea is to create the same image but slightly different. Once flicked through quickly you should see the illusion of movement. The same principle is applied in some of the devices listed above such as the Zoetrope and the Phenakistope which revolve around the same idea as the flip book. 

An example of which is used in the film hot fuzz. This shows that you must flick the pages very quickly to produce the illusion of a moving picture. 

Rotoscoping 

Rotoscoping is when the animators will trace over a live action movement frame by frame. This results in a lot of drawing being sped up and played which results in this.

This sort of animation is seen a lot adverts and not so much in films. However rotoscoping can be used to create duplicates of live action people in the same room such as.

In this example you can see the different ways of using rotoscoping such as having duplicates in one room as well being a good way to accurately portray humans in a animated way.

Cel Animation

Cel animation is known to be the traditional style of animation where every frame is drawn by hand. These animations normally play at 24 frames per second and normally don't deviate from the standard 2d animation. An example of cel animation would be in the disney film Beauty and the beast as well as cartoons like scooby doo and the Flintstones. 

http://www.slideshare.net/MrRyanSIS/cel-animation

Drawn on film animation

Drawn on film animation is different from other types of animation because they aren't made on paper and aren't photographs. Instead they are made directly on the film strips made to view the animation. The animator can paint, draw or stamp objects and pictures directly on the film. The result looks like this. 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HjDAepjjop4&ab_channel=JoshuaAbegglen

Photographic stills 

Photographic still animation is similar to traditional animation where you draw each frame and they play it back. However instead of drawn pictures you replace it with photographs which results in this. 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CLdWBUB9ZLg&ab_channel=lukesully606

Mutoscope

The mutoscope is a cheaper, simpler version of of the kinetoscope. It operates on the same principle as the flip book. It also only allows one person to view the animation at a time. Each card would be attached to a circular core known as a rolodex which has about 850 cards which would last about one minute of film.  

http://www.victorian-cinema.net/mutoscope.jpg

Animation before the 90's

The black cauldron 

The black cauldron is a film 1985 by Disney it is a full drawn film with music, voice acting and color 

South park

Early south park was cut out animation instead of animation done on the computer. it is aimed to a mature audience with more mature themes and crude language

Where can you find animation?

You can find animation in lots of different media forms such as film, tv, internet,games and mobile phones. Some forms of media have different amounts of animation such as games which has lots of animation whether it be cut scene animation or movement during gameplay where as in film some films are live action and some are animated. A different type of animation is popular in Japan and is scene as its own genre of film or tv.

Games

Animation is used frequently in video games as it is more than often the way you see the characters move and do other actions. 

The first super mario game was brought out in 1985 and contained a range of animation from movement (running and jumping) to fire balls. the original game included separate animations for each sprite however there are no cut scenes.

In later mario titles the animations became significantly better with advancement in the details of movement as well as the move to 3d in june 23 1996 which was a massive advancement in terms of animation because it contained higher jumps, 3d swimming and different types of flips as well as flying. It was now that mario had started to include cut scenes into the game.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9QwCjJ_8BQI

Now Mario has advanced alot with better animations and a wider range of animations because of the different power ups in the game ranging from crawling up walls to a cat like animation.

 Games have now advanced to creating cutscenes which are of the same quality of a full feature film

Film

Animation in films are the norm for children in the west and are a very popular medium for children. Films such as Shrek, Frozen and toy story are all very popular films that are aimed at children. The major conglomerate Disney has made over a hundred animated children films which many have become iconic and define the genre of children's films. 

Animated films in Japan are a bit different in the style of animation as well as the art style. The demographic is also different being aimed to older audiences such as teenagers and adults such as Redline, Summer wars and the Evangelion series.

TV

Animation can be found in modern day television. In terms of demographics animated tv shows can have quite a wide range from adults to children. An example of a western adult animated show would be south park of family guy. An example of a children's animated show would be adventure time or billy and mandy. 

Some Japanese shows use accompany animation with a song  as an opening theme for the show.

Internet

A lot of animation can be found on the internet through streaming websites. An example would be crunchyroll which is a legal anime streaming site which has a free use as well as a premium user. Netflix has recently started to stream animated tv shows and keep adding more and more. 

http://www.crunchyroll.com/about

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Netflix_logo.svg

Mobile phones 

You can view animation on you're mobile phones, whether it be watching animated shows, playing games watching animated gifs. You can download animated shows from the official store. You can watch animations on apps like youtube and the two above. 

http://www.youtube.com/yt/brand/downloads.html

Animated techniques

This is one of my animations which was made in adobe flash. It is a hand drawn rocket which was made into a motion tween so it could move across the screen.

This is another motion tween but it has text across the screen that lasts the whole animation. I made a new layer and used the text tool to make the text on the stage.

What I want to make

I would like to make an animation with the two stick men playing a game of baseball. I would like to include the motion of a flying ball and swinging bat. I will use adobe flash to create my 2d animation. I will be using motion tweens to have the ball move across the screen as well as have the arm movements of the different stick men. I will draw the stick men but use a image for the ball and bat.