Legal and Ethical constraints in the creative media sectors  

Legal constraints  

Legal constraints are laws that limit certain things that you can broadcast to a audience. Things concerning minors and offensive content come under the legal constraints. If producers do not follow these legal constraints then they will have to face the consequences, these consequences can range from a fine, suspension from broadcasting or a complete ban from ever working as a producer in the industry. This depends on how severe the breach in the law is or how many times you have broken the law. 

Sachsgate incident 

The sachsgate incident was when Russel Brand and Jonathon Ross did a pre recorded interview with actor Andrew Sachs, however he wasn't at the phone so they left some messages on his answer phone. Things got out of hand because of Russel Brand and Jonathon Ross leaving several inappropriate messages about Andrew Sachs and his daughter. The producer chose to broadcast this which turned out to be a big mistake because of the massive backlash from the public. Several high up people were calling for Russel Brand and Jonathon Ross to be either banned or to no longer be funded by license fee.

• Obscene Publications Act 1959 

The obscene publications act  prevents producers from broadcasting content that would corrupt or deprave the consumer. This normally comes under things like beastiality, pornography and torture. It protects literature and laws concerning pornography.
http://www.channel4.com/producers-handbook/media-law/other-laws-affecting-broadcasting/obscene-publications-act-1959

A clockwork orange is a film that was banned from 1973 to 1999 because of the obscene publications act because of sexual violence and a claim that clockwork orange was an inspiration for the manslaughter that a 14 year old boy committed. The film was also condemned for for a rape because the rapist was singing a song from the film.

A more recent example would be the human centipede 2 was banned until it made 2 minutes 30 seconds worth of cuts (32 cuts in total)  the the film because it was seen to be too violent, graphic and disturbing to be broadcasted  or shown in cinemas. Since then the cuts have been made and the film was allowed to be shown in the UK.

• Human Rights Act 1998 

The Human Rights Act covers peoples basic human rights and when concerning media it makes producers take into account peoples human rights when making the content such as forced labour, prohibition of discrimination, right to life. These are just a few that might be violated in the work place. Breaking any of these could lead to either a suspension or a ban from the industry, however the knock on effect would be that people wouldn't want to work with you if you had a reputation of breaking peoples human rights.


Examples include unsafe working conditions which lead to thousands dying because of a collapsing building. Egypt's epidemic of violence and sexual abuse which lead 600 deaths and 91 women assaulted.

• Official Secrets Act 1998

The official secrets act is used to prevent producers from publishing government secrets to the public. If this is then the person responsible could face jail time as well as a ban from the industry. The act is to prevent useful information falling in to criminal hands or to maintain international relations.

Richard Tomlinson was accused of breaking the official secrets act. He was a former spy for Britain, because of this he knew a lot of British secrets which wouldn't be good if leaked. in return for secrecy the government gave Richard Tomlinson a loan and a marketing job. Once Richard Tomlinson returned from Australia he was arrested on the claims of breaking the official secrets act  after he had released information to the Australian office.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Tomlinson

• Health And Safety Act 1974

The health and safety act is to make sure that producers take into account you're personal safety when on set. This includes everyone on set, cast, crew and any other people in the vicinity this includes the proper use of props and visual effects like fire and explosions. To prevent this a risk assessment must be made listing the different risks, the likelihood, severity and the actions that will be taken to reduce the risk greatly. If the health and safety of an employee under you're care is hurt because of a hazard in the workplace there will be consequences such as a fine as well as paying for the medical bills depending on what country you are in, you're reputation will also be lowered in the industry making less people want to work under you.

Anthea Turner had a breach in her health and safety resulting in a fire accident. An explosion next to her before she could move out of the way, this was because of a mistake in what the pyro technic thought was a que triggering the explosion.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mD7gRZCx2rs

As you can see communication between the production team wasn't clear which led to a breach in someones health and safety.

Laws in the media

Privacy Law

The privacy law is to maintain the persons own privacy. It is to prevent the individual from public  harassment and the right to not come under public fire because of something done in the content being produced. The privacy law also makes sure that anyone who does not wish to be filmed won't be. However because of the internet and it is getting hard to keep this law up to date and relevant because of how fast information can be spread around the internet, such as private pictures or anything else which isn't wanted to be made public.  The president of the supreme court, Lord Neuberger commented saying that he believes that the privacy law should be updated to tackle these issues caused by the internet and people using it to commit harassment.

The most recent big offence would be the news of the world incident which is also known as the phone hacking scandal. The scandal had been going on for quite a few years with multiple cases of celebrities private messages and documents being exposed by Rupert  Murdoch's news corporation which had a massive influence in media and in politics which meant that no one would challenge them because their secrets would be exposed to the public which would ruin their reputation. The final straw was when they hacked into a missing girls phone and deleted some of the voice mail messages giving the family false hope. This sparked a lot of public outrage and eventually led to the company shutting down in the UK.

http://documentaryaddict.com/rupert+murdoch+breaking+the+spell-9585-doc.html

Here is the link to the documentary telling the story about the phone hacking scandal and who was involved in bringing down News Corporation as well as the previous illegal hacking incidents that were swept under the rug.

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/11056093/Privacy-law-may-need-rewriting-due-to-modern-technology-says-senior-judge.html

Copyright And Intellectual law

The copyright and intellectual law is in place to protect someones original work being stolen and used under their own name. This law probably has the most breaches or at least the most allegations of being broken. The copyright and intellectual law covers pretty much everything including music, videos, pictures, design, logos and tittles of films, books or games. If someone breaches copyright and is found guilty all of their earnings on that particular project go towards the original owner of the stolen property.

Itunes put some Russian films on their store without permission from the producers so they were charged and the films were taken off the store.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-12310070

Libel Law

Libel law is to protect someones reputation by not producing content which is taken out of context or has false information about the person which would lower their reputation. Doing so could get you sued or libel law and for putting that person under public scrutiny.

An example of libel law is on the great British bake off where one contestant was made out to look bad when her intentions weren't what was made out to be in the show. Because of this her and her family came under fire from fans on the internet.

Ethics in media

Ethics need to be considered by producers because they are vital to preventing backlash from the public. To stay ethical you have to keep in mind that something may harm or offend people such as racism or inappropriate content such as sex and swearing. To prevent some backlash it is advised that you warn people before the content starts as well as having a later broadcasting time. Producers should stay away from stereotypes because they can be very offensive especially if they aren't true. Ethics also relate to recent events that have happened in real life such as school shootings so people delay content which might have violent content which at the time would be insensitive.

Some figures in the media have reputations for not considering ethics in their content such as the comedian Frankie Boyle. Frankie Boyle's content is very rude and has no limits to how dark and offensive it can be, where as some people are offended some find his content amusing and like the no limits content and think that if someone isn't challenging the line which society thinks we shouldn't cross then we wouldn't know where it is. 

Ethics differ from laws and acts in a way because they are not set in concrete because ethics can differ between peoples opinions and don't necessarily constrain you in what you make. However doing something unethical can lead to negative publicity which can either make or kill a film. An example of a film using the negative attention to make it much more famous than it would have been is the interview. Because of the negative attention from north Korea, leading to the film being canceled but then it was released with the attention of the hacking group Anonymous and the US government.

The sachsgate incident also comes under ethics because of the rude and offensive things that were said to Andrew Sachs and his daughter. The radio broadcast got massive backlash resulting in 37,500 complaints being made to the BBC for publishing this material. The BBC were fined 150,000 as well as Johnathon Ross being suspended from pay for 12 weeks. Offcom  had a role to play in the punishment of the BBC which leads to Offcom and ethics in the media.



A lot of controversy comes from minors in the media. Minors are a controversial topic because they can be easily manipulated and controlled to do things on television. It is strictly prohibited to film a minor without his and their carers permission. Product placement is also a controversial topic because of advertisements growth in today's media and people don'w want more advertisement in their shows.  

The use of off the record information has become an issue in today's media because of the internet and how information can be spread round fast and easily but the correct information isn't always passed around and can be twisted into something not entirely true.

Broadcasting codes and guidelines 

Offcoms code of conduct is to protect under 18's (minors), preventing harm and offence, crime, religion, due impartially, elections and referendums, fairness, privacy and commercial references in television programming. These are the rules and principles of offcom surrounding ethics in the media.  

The BBC Editorial Guidelines are in place to keep any BBC product in line with the law and in line with ethics. Everything listed above is something that the BBC editorial guidelines tries to keep in line with. These guidelines are made to have the audience at the top of their priorities which comes under respecting privacy and to stay away from harming and offending people.

The channel 4 guidelines are to be honest and open towards their audience and to keep their integrity.  An aim of the channel 4 guidelines is to not mislead people to think that the content is necessarily true in the real world such as stereotypes.

These are nine things that come under the guidelines of channel 4

1.Factual Programme Guidelines
2.Competition Guidelines
3.Secret Filming Guidelines
4.Fair Dealing Guidelines
5.Hostile Filming Guidelines
6.Live Programme Guidelines
7.Producer Data Protection & Security Guidelines
8.Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS) Guidelines9.Working and Filming with Under 18’s Guidelines

http://www.channel4.com/producers-handbook/

http://www.bbc.co.uk/editorialguidelines/guidelines/

http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/broadcasting/broadcast-codes/broadcast-code/

Music video theory 

In this assignment I will be talking about the different effects, purposes and techniques. I will be talking about how each of these effects the music video and shapes what kind of music video it will be.

Styles

• Found footage 
• Story telling 
• Slow paced
• Fast paced
• One take
• Indie
• Rap
• Metal
• Rock
• Semiotics
• Choreography   
• Statement
• Animated 
• Acoustic

All of these styles are determined by what genre of music the music video is accompanied with and the image of the band/artist. The music videos style can be effected by the lyrics of the song, this can make the music video a story telling device or a way to make a statement. An example of this would be "Drown" by bring me the horizon .

 An example of a story would be "Unconditional love" by Memphis may fire . 

The lyrics of a song normally have the most influence by telling a story or making a statement. They tell a story because they think that the topic something that should be talked about and is something of importance. 

Some music videos are shot live but edited in a post production. These are normally several clips taken from live performances with the original song playing in the background. An example of this is "Rip bon" by The amity affliction. This video is used to give the viewer a sense of what the band are like when they perform live.

The genre of music also plays a key part in the style of music video because the music video is designed to portray the artist/band's image. An example of this would be "Welcome to the jungle" by Guns N' Roses. They did this because it promotes the band and attracts new fans who like the bands image.

Animated music videos can be used as a story telling technique or as a creative outlet. The music video will be pitched to an animator instead of a cinematographer. An example of an animated music video is 'Save me' by Killswitch engage. This music video is a stop motion animation video which hasn't been seen much in recent years.

Some music videos are a mix of two styles such as A day to remember's music video 'right back at it again' They use a mix of composite animation which creates this. This video is unique because of the mix of animation and real people mixed together. Because of this people will remember the video and will watch it again because it is quite creative and amusing to watch.

All I want (acoustic) by A day to remember is an acoustic variation of the original non acoustic song. They did this because at live performances the acoustic performance was quite popular so they made a different version. Having two different versions of the song is good because people who like on may like and buy the other meaning they get twice the amount of money for one song.

Gimme chocolate!! by Babymetal has choreography included in the performance. The choreography helps to give the viewer an idea of what the bands image is. The choreography is quite childish which fits because the three singers are young. 

Purposes 

• Money/revenue
• Advertisement (the song, new album, tour or a new single)
• Promote song
• Promote band
• To make you remember the song better
• To visualize the songs narrative
• To show off the bands image
• To raise awareness on a issue
• To promote a show/film

When you get to the point a music video's main purpose is to make money for the band and in turn make more money for the label. This is done through different ways such as advertising the band and song as well as selling the music video on sites such as itunes. at the end of some music videos there are images of the upcoming album and where you can buy it, the song with the advertisement is normally a song off the upcoming album as well as advertising the record label that the band is assigned to. An example of this is 'The death of me' by Asking Alexandria.

This music video has both the record label and the new album with the release date on the side. This music video was made after the album was released so it was used to promote the album to new viewers.

Some music videos enhance the lyrics and give across a message and makes it more obvious the the audience. An example of this is 'Coming down' by Five finger death punch 

This music video tells a story from two different views and it is made to promote supporting people through their depression. The lyrics of this song already have the statement but the video visualises the narrative and gets the message across better. 

Some songs are not as memorable as the music video so the music video some times make the listener remember the song because of the music video. 

 This music video stands out as being innovative which makes the song stand out. They did this because it helps the song stand out and stick in the listeners memory and make them come back to watch the video again.

Some music videos are used to promote an upcoming television show or a film or vice versa. This works to promote both.  This example was for the theme song of bravoman which was at the time a new animated television show. They did this so that the two could profit off each other and further promote each other. By watching the show bravoman you will here the theme song and might buy it, the opposite being that you might here the song and then go and watch the television show because you have heard the song.

This video is good because it shows you what the band is like behind the scenes while still being a music video. This promotes the band but not as a band but more as a people. They did this so the fans could feel like they had more of a personal connection to the band.

Techniques 

• Lyrics on the screen 
• Band cameos 
• 1 shot
• Cutting to the beat
• CGI
• Green screen 
• lip syncing performance
• Parody
• Lyric interpretation 

The kill (bury me) by Thirty second to mars is a reference to the shinning. People who have watched the shinning may find this song because it is a reference and fans of the film could have spread the music video around. On the opposite end people who find out that the video is a reference to the shinning may go and watch the film. They did this because they are a fan of the film but it will also raise awareness of their music video and subsequently their song.

All I want by A Day To Remember has lyrics on the screen as well as band cameos. People who have watched the video will see a lot of new bands which they may listen two after seeing them in the video, although you only hear A Day To Remember's song but they may be looking for another band to listen to which they will find lots of bands which are roughly the same genre in this video. Oppositely people who listen to one of the cameos could find out about a music video with the band that they like in it causing them to check is out and listen to the song. The lyrics on the screen are used so that you remember certain lines better.

YOLO by Lonely island has lyric interpretation. Lyric interpretation is when the people in the music video mimic what the lyrics say. They did this because the lyrics are quite funny and it makes the music video funny by doing what the lyrics say. Lyric interpretation is used a lot in lonely island music videos and could be argued to be the reason why they are so popular. 

Almost easy by Avenged Sevenfold has a green screen and some video effects that change peoples faces in the video. They used a greenscreen to stand out and grab the viewers attention and keep them watching. Using a green screen crates an environment that the band couldn't play in without it. 

Violent Soho by Saramona Said is a one shot music video. A one shot music video is when there is a only one cut at the start and has one long lasting shot. This gives the viewer a sense of being in the back seat of the car with the band and gives them the feeling that they are part of the music video.   

Digital graphics production diary

I named my new photoshop file and then I chose the international paper preset. I then chose the A3 size option for my poster.

For my poster design I will be using strips of cyan,magenta, yellow and black for cymk. 

I am going to have two triangles on my corners of my poster for my design.

I then added in the rest of my colours. 

I used the Polygona lasso tool to draw all of my shapes and then I used the bucket tool to colour all of my images in.

I added in the subtitles for each section of my poster. I used the text box tool and made the text bold as well as increasing the size.

I took out the blue line that was running through the image and straightened out some of the lines

I put in my text in the poster using the text box. I then tilted the text box so it would fit in the individual sections.

I used this website to find out about resolution and why 300 dpi is the best resolution for a printed image. http://www.vsellis.com/understanding-dpi-resolution-and-print-vs-web-images/

I used this website to find out why jpeg is good for raster graphics. I then incorporated this information into my work.

http://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Internet/JPG_GIF_PNG.asp

This is my finished cymk poster for print.

I started to make my illustrator RGB poster. I started a new file and chose the A3 setting in the size tab

This is the start of my RGB poster I used the rectangle tool and used the colour tool. For red I turned green and blue to 0 and red to 100 and then did the same to get the others.

I put a line in the middle of my red box so that it could contain two different sections because there are four different sections and three boxes. 

http://www.lcipaper.com/kb/wp-content/uploads/RGB-color-additive-model.jpg

I used this image to demonstrate the three different colours that i was talking about in the paragraph.

I put text in by using the text box tool. I then made the text bigger.

I used this website to get some information on file formats for web images. 

http://webstyleguide.com/wsg3/11-graphics/5-web-graphics-formats.html

http://kore-nordmann.de/blog/jpeg_compression.png

I used this image to show the viewer the difference between the two file formats.

I wrote about the optimum resolution for web images and included a picture. I got a picture from

http://www.planetquark.com/2012/03/14/132-ppi-72-dpi-264-ppi-what-image-resolution-should-you-use-the-for-new-ipad/#.VJGEPfSsXu4

This is my section where I talk about raster graphics. I put an image of a raster graphic image in the section.

http://graphicdesignjunction.com/2013/05/free-vector-graphics-for-ui-design/

I used some information from a wikipedia page. 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_graphics

I changed the text to white so it would easier to see and read. I did this by clicking on the text and then changing the colour in the pop art colour pallet. 

This is my finished illustrator poster. 

 Editing practical

First you need to ingest your clips in prelude to do this you need to import your clips intop your D drive and then import them into prelude. 

 

Click on ingest then find the folder with the clips that you want to ingest into premier pro.

 

Find the desitination for your clips. In my example I chose my folder on the D drive. Then click ingest on the bottom right corner.

 

Right click on the clips and click on send to premier pro. A premier pro window will come up with all of your files in it.

 

 

Editing my film

Once I had all of my clips in my media bin I started to drag them into the preview screen and see what parts needed to be cut out. At this point I went through and found which clips were bloopers and which ones I could use in my film.

 

 

 

Once I had chose all the clips that I will be using I cut them down so that they would fit in the minute restraint. I did this because it was part of my criteria when making the film.

I used the three way colour corrector to edit my shots. I used a lot of blue on the shadows because it was quite bright so putting blue in the shadows would level out the lighting of the shot.






 

I used sound bible for my sound effects. I put my sound effects on my timeline and cut them a little bit shorter than there original length.

I put some text in by using adobe after effects. I made my text box and made sure that it didn't move around while the video was playing. If the text was moving around while the bass was being played then that would have created problems for the viewer trying to read it.

This is before the text was in. I played the clip through to check that the dot wouldn't move outside of the box, I did this because if it had then the text would have moved which would have been distracting and taken the viewer out of the experience.  

This is it with the text. I added text so that the viewer could read what was on the text message without needing to switch to a shot of the phone. its also a lot clearer to do it this way.

I put some credits on the end of my film I did so by going on title new title and then default roll. While making the credits I chose the start off screen and end off screen. I did this so it would look like a normal credits roll.

After that I exported my film to a H.264 file so I could upload it to vimeo.

 



Animation stuffs

I made a new layer and then clicked on the T icon which gave me a text box. After making my text box I typed in my message and made it bigger using the size option. 

Editing Theory

Editing theory 

Editing has evolved so much from when it began with physically cutting the film with scissors to the modern day where we use digital for everything. Software such as adobe premier allows us to edit the footage and sound. Pieces of film where put on the edges of bins which is where we got the term 'media bin'.

Editing can be used to create tension, shock and evoke other emotions. A good example of tension is in a lot of action sequences where the pace of the cuts are used to provide tension to the scene.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rDuetklFtDQ&channel=Darkknight6749Return

The fast pacing of the cuts lends it self extremely well to the tone and the rhythm of the scene.

The opposite being an emotional scene with slow cuts. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uax_2mSHiYg&channel=imafastguy

Eadweard Muybridge 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadweard_Muybridge#mediaviewer/File:Muybridge-2.jpg

Eadwaeard Muybridge was a British photographer who was the first to create the illusion of film. He did so by using 24 photographs in quick succession. When the photos were put together it made the illusion of movement. Eadweard Muybridge also did the same thing for a American bison, he did this when he went around America to be a professional photographer. 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadweard_Muybridge#mediaviewer/File:Muybridge_Buffalo_galloping.gif

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadweard_Muybridge#mediaviewer/File:Muybridge_race_horse_animated.gif

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadweard_Muybridge

Eadweard Muybridge was the inventor of the zoopraxiscope which was the device used to show the moving horse film. It is thought to be the first motion picture/movie projector device and has a bid impact on the direction that editing has gone down by inspiring the second device in a long line of editing devices known as the kinetoscope made by Thomas Edison and William Kennedy Dickson. 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoopraxiscope#mediaviewer/File:Zoopraxiscope_16485u.jpg

This is a picture of the zoopraxiscope when its not playing a film. As you can see every individual photo are next to each other so when they are played in rapid succession it makes you think that the image is moving.

This is what it looks like when it is playing.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoopraxiscope#mediaviewer/File:Zoopraxiscope_16485d.gif

Lumiere brothers 

Auguste and Louis Lumiere are two French film makers who made significant advancements in terms of film making. They have been named the first film makers. The Lumiere brothers were the first to make multiple party viewing a possibility as well as shooting the first proper feature film in history, the film was called Sortie de l'usine Lumiere de Lyon. The lumiere brother developed the cinematographe lumiere which worked as a multi purpose device being able to record, develop and project motion film for multiple people to watch. It was said that 17 meters length of film roughly equaled fifty seconds of viewing. However the Lumiere brothers thought that cinema had no future so they went on to focus on colored photography instead. The first public screening was on 1895 of December the 18th this first public screening was made by the Lumiere brothers.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re#mediaviewer/File:Fratelli_Lumiere.jpg

This is a picture of the camera that the lumiere brothers developed.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re#mediaviewer/File:Institut_Lumi%C3%A8re_-_CINEMATOGRAPHE_Camera.jpg

Thomas Edison

Thomas Edison is a American inventor who specialized in a range of things including photography and motion picture. He made a kinetascope as well as his company manufacturing the vitascope which was originally designed by Thomas Armat. His inventions were used to screen films in new York city. He also synchronized voice soundtracks with film. He did this by having metal cylinders with the audio on them these cylinders would be played along side the film. The Edison film studio made up to nearly 1,200 films, most of these films being short films. The film studio made films such as "The kiss", "The great train robbery" and "Alices Adventures In Wonderland". He also filmed the execution of an elephant.




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#Telegrapher
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison#mediaviewer/File:Thomas_Edison2.jpg

This is the kinetescope. To view the film you would put both eyes on the top and watch the film standing up as you look down.

https://emzie1996.wordpress.com/category/kinetoscope/ 

First films

The first films were still shots and only contained one shot. the appeal of the film wasn't necessarily the content but of what the new technology was capable of doing. People saw these first films as "Animated photographs".

The jump cut/ Georges Melies 

The jump cut was discovered by a French man called Georges Melies who after inventing his own camera started filming a buss driving around a corner. During the filming his camera jammed, once he had fixed it a car had taken its place. Once Georges Melies developed the film he saw that the buss would turn into the car because of the cut. This is now called the jump cut. This jump cut would be put into effect in some of Georges Melies's films such as The haunted castle which was shown in 1896. As well as the film a trip to the moon shown in 1902. Melies also introduced several other editing techniques known as stop motion photography, fade in fade out and overlapping dissolves. 

Edwin S Porter

Edwin S Porter used a mix of both stock footage from Edison's large library of footage with his own shot footage to make narrative based films an example of this is his film "Life of an American fireman". He used temporal over lapses in a lot of his films. A temporal overlaps is when you take the  exact same shot but from a different perspective.   

D.W Griffith

D.W Grffith was the first to use continuity editing in his films. Continuity editing is when the narrative is told through the order of the shots. Continuity editing is most effective when there is no dialogue in the shots. D.W Griffith was the first to use the 'cut in' type of edit which would have two shots which were in the same location and had the same actions but one would be a close up shot. This is used to exaggerate a moment between characters. From continuity editing the 180 degree rule was born which is used to avoid continuity problems. To avoid continuity problems the camera should be positioned on one side of the 'Axis of action' this rule normally applies when there is a conversation between two or more characters. D.W Griffith introduced the idea of cross cutting which would show two different scenes in different locations with different characters, this was used as a narrative tool. An example of cross cutting is a film made by D.W Griffith called "After Many Years" which would show a shipwrecked man and then cut to his family back at home a device which is popular in modern day cinema.

I used a video about the history of editing to get some of my facts.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6uahjH2cspk

Shots

• Establishing shot. This shot is normally a very wide shot and pans over a large area it is normally used to introduce the viewer to  new location.

An example of a establishing shot https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Axt0nETgEXo

• Reverse shot. A reverse shot is a shot which is normally used between two characters when they are having a conversation the shot is normally taken over one of the characters shoulder and is positioned so you can see the other actors face. This shot is normally switched between both characters shoulders during the conversation. 

An example of a reverse shot https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QLkUHZ1qips 

• Cutting on action. is when the scene cuts do a different perspective of the same shot. 

An example of a cutting on action shot is https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mv93covb53w

• Matching eye lines. A matching eye line shot is when the scene cuts therebetween the characters face and what the character is looking at.

An example of a matching eye lines shot is https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZSFD6aIhvFI 

• Mid shot. A mid shot is a shot which normally allows the viewer to see the characters from about waist upwards.
• Wide shot. A wide shot is a shot with the camera placed a fair distance away from the character to show what environment he or she is in.
• Close up. A close up shot is when the camera is placed so that you can only see the actors face. Another variant of the close up shot is the extreme close up which is just even closer to the actors face, focusing on the eyes of the actor.  
• Long shot. A long shot is similar to a wide shot in the way that they are both placed a fair distance away however it is normally placed in narrow corridor or something similar to put in focus the length of the path instead of the width.

These shots are normally edited side by side with each other the order of which varies but they are normally used at points  that support what is going on, an example would be an emotional part of a conversation would normally have a close up shot.

An example of these shots is https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ICcE72RwEyc 

Montage theory 

Kuleshov was a Russian film teachers at the Moscow film school and it was him who put into effect the Kuleshov effect which is when you put one shot after three different shots. These three different shots influence how the viewer views the first shot. The idea was to experiment with the order of the shots instead of the actions of the actors. Kuleshov found this effect by studying D.W Griffiths film intolerance. He would re arrange the shots to see what kind of different effects the film would have. 

This is an example of the Kuleshov effect. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ctqdCXUzGNk 

Kuleshov's next experiment was creative geography which would have shots put together but they had were in completely different locations. By doing this he created a believable fictional geography that the character was in. 

Next was Sergei Einstein who advanced the idea of montages in film. He created 5 types of montages.

1. Metric. Metric is cutting the beat. Metric styles of cutting are seen in a lot of modern day music videos.
2. Rhythmic. Rhythmic is when you cut to the tempo of whats going on in the shot. The rhythmic type of montage is similar to the metric type except the rhythmic style revolves around the actions and content of the scene.
3. Tonal. Tonal montages are completely based on whats going on and what kind of atmosphere these actions create. It is influenced by lighting, shadows and the types of frames. 
4. Over-tonal. Over-tonal is a combination of the previous three I just mentioned. It uses all three styles in one big sequences. 
5. Intellectual/Ideological. These types of montages are normally used the put certain ideas into focus. An example would be in the film Battleship Potemkin which was a propaganda film so it had a lot of ideals and opinions in the film. The example is of a priest tapping his cross and then a soldier tapping the hilt of his sword. This creates the idea that the two are interlinked. 

For information I referenced this video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JYedfenQ_Mw

Non linear editing 

Non linear editing has the benefits of being non destructive which allows any changes to be made to the edit and it wouldn't ruin the complete assembly  of the show. No generation loss. Non linear editing was seen as a more natural way of editing apposed to linear editing. The Avid/1 used an optical disk and quickly became the go to non linear editing device. With the increase of storage came a device cable of editing a full feature film offline. 

Linear editing

Linear editing is the process of changing and re arranging the footage. The order and changes made to the footage will have already been predetermined. The first editing machines being the Moviola which was later replaced by the Steenbeck. During the 1950's television had become a big success. For live broadcasts they would set up several cameras at different angles which would be hooked up to a switcher which would be set up to a broadcaster. The switcher was used to switch between different camera angles. The problem was that there was no way to broadcast pre recorded footage, everything had to be live.

 The first attempt to get around this problem was the idea of pointing a Kinescope at a monitor playing the news broadcast, the recorded footage would then be sent off to a television station in a different time zone, the problem with this method was that the image quality was very low.  Once there was 1 big network connecting all of america a method called "Hot Kinescope" would be used to connect the two coasts in television, "Hot Kinescope" is when the signal of the show would be recorded through the network, the development of the footage would then have to be done extremely quickly.

Magnetic tape was first used on 1951 but only used in the professional scene at the later date of 1956. Ampex made the quadruplex video tape which had a much improved video imagery quality and was an instant hit being used by all of the major television broadcasters. The first use being "Douglas Edward and the News" which was a delayed broadcast by CBS News.

Shows would be edited using the kinescopes film prints.  These recorded pieces of film would have audio cues to help the editor make the splices at the correct times. This was used because the quaduplex video tape couldn't hold still frames so you couldn't see what you were cutting.

Linear editing started when you would have two devices which you would transfer video from one to the other this would assemble the cuts in a linear way. Devices like the editec would help to advance linear editing by controlling in and out points through audio tones. The Helical scan system allowed you to pause the tape and see individual frames. The SMPTE Timecode allowed video players to find any specific frame with ease because they would be labeled.

The problem with linear editing was that it was incapable of advancing  creativity in  editing because there was only one way to edit, innovation would completely ruin edit of the show.

For information I referenced this video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TIVYeyWHajE&channel=FilmmakerIQcom
and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_video_editing